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OpenAlex

Monthly scholarly works in OpenAlex by publication date since 2015: AI fields, adjacent fields, computer-science and all-works baselines, retraction and integrity counts, open-access share, and AI's derived share of computer science.

cadence · monthly 29 series updated 21 Oct 2026 openalex.org ↗
release markers

All works

2.3M +179.6% yr as of Sep 2026
02.0M4.0M6.0M8.0M10.0M201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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⚠️ Many papers record only a year, not a month, so OpenAlex counts them all in January and every January looks huge. OpenAlex also added tens of millions of papers in late 2025, so the counts before and after that date measure different things.

AI fields

OpenAlex applies its subject labels across all of science, so "Artificial intelligence" here is larger than the whole Computer Science field.

Artificial intelligence

167k +102.9% yr as of Sep 2026
0100k200k300k400k500k600k700k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Machine learning

40.7k +26.3% yr as of Sep 2026
020.0k40.0k60.0k80.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Natural language processing

15.6k +81.0% yr as of Sep 2026
020.0k40.0k60.0k80.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Deep learning

11.7k −20.3% yr as of Sep 2026
05.0k10.0k15.0k20.0k25.0k30.0k35.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Computer vision

23.0k +21.1% yr as of Sep 2026
020.0k40.0k60.0k80.0k100k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Reinforcement learning

4.3k +37.5% yr as of Sep 2026
02.0k4.0k6.0k8.0k10.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Speech recognition

7.1k +55.5% yr as of Sep 2026
02.0k4.0k6.0k8.0k10.0k12.0k14.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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LLM era

We search the title text only. These series miss a paper that says just "LLM" or "foundation model", or that names the topic outside the title.

"large language model" in title

2.3k +25.2% yr as of Sep 2026
01.0k2.0k3.0k4.0k5.0k6.0k7.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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"ChatGPT" in title

514 −18.3% yr as of Sep 2026
05001.0k1.5k2.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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This series starts in January 2021. We checked several earlier months and found no papers with ChatGPT in the title.

Adjacent fields

Chatbots

856 +28.3% yr as of Sep 2026
05001.0k1.5k2.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Misinformation

629 +13.5% yr as of Sep 2026
02004006008001.0k1.2k1.4k1.6k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Disinformation

409 +18.9% yr as of Sep 2026
02004006008001.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Academic integrity

129 +13.2% yr as of Sep 2026
050100150200250300350201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Plagiarism detection

34 +41.7% yr as of Sep 2026
020406080201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Drug discovery

2.6k −1.5% yr as of Sep 2026
01.0k2.0k3.0k4.0k5.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Protein structure prediction

110 −5.2% yr as of Sep 2026
050100150200201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Automation

6.6k +36.6% yr as of Sep 2026
05.0k10.0k15.0k20.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Labour economics

4.1k +96.8% yr as of Sep 2026
02.0k4.0k6.0k8.0k10.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Computer Science

Computer Science (field)

102k +84.3% yr as of Sep 2026
050.0k100k150k200k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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AI (CS subfield)

42.0k +121.5% yr as of Sep 2026
010.0k20.0k30.0k40.0k50.0k60.0k70.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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AI share of Computer Science derived

41.2% +20.2% yr as of Sep 2026
010203040201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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AI papers ÷ all computer science papers, both from OpenAlex's own algorithm. ⚠️ The papers OpenAlex added in late 2025 may lift the 2026 level, so read the long rise and not the recent months.

Research integrity

Retracted works

265 −68.9% yr as of Sep 2026
01.0k2.0k3.0k4.0k5.0k6.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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⚠️ OpenAlex counts each retracted paper in its publication month, not in the month of the retraction. A retraction takes years, so the recent fall is not real.

Peer review (research on)

1.2k +134.7% yr as of Sep 2026
05001.0k1.5k2.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Retraction rate derived

0.043% −75.7% yr as of Sep 2026
00.10.20.30.40.50.6201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Retracted papers ÷ all journal articles, by the month of publication. ⚠️ A retraction takes years, so this rate falls to zero for the newest months.

Baseline

All journal articles

619k +28.1% yr as of Sep 2026
0500k1.0M1.5M2.0M2.5M201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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Publishing mode

Preprints

118k +170.6% yr as of Sep 2026
050.0k100k150k200k250k300k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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arXiv-hosted works

37.0k +145.2% yr as of Sep 2026
010.0k20.0k30.0k40.0k50.0k60.0k201520162017201820192020202120222023202420252026Copilot GAClaude 3Gemini 2.5 ProGPT-6 Astra
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OpenAlex counts these works by publication date. Our arXiv source counts by submission date, so the two charts do not match.

Figures

OpenAlex: latest figure, change, range and coverage of each series
SeriesLatestChangeMinMaxCoverage
All works2.3M+179.6% yr447k9.5MJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Artificial intelligence167k+102.9% yr23.7k667kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Machine learning40.7k+26.3% yr6.0k90.4kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Natural language processing15.6k+81.0% yr1.4k83.4kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Deep learning11.7k−20.3% yr7236.1kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
"large language model" in title2.3k+25.2% yr07.1kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Chatbots856+28.3% yr02.2kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Misinformation629+13.5% yr161.7kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Disinformation409+18.9% yr41.1kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Academic integrity129+13.2% yr14335Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
Plagiarism detection34+41.7% yr385Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
Drug discovery2.6k−1.5% yr2215.5kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Protein structure prediction110−5.2% yr10197Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
Copyright108+47.9% yr20415Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
Computer Science (field)102k+84.3% yr23.2k198kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Computer vision23.0k+21.1% yr4.5k57.1kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Reinforcement learning4.3k+37.5% yr6310.2kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
AI (CS subfield)42.0k+121.5% yr5.0k69.3kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Speech recognition7.1k+55.5% yr90314.4kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Retracted works265−68.9% yr1576.3kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Peer review (research on)1.2k+134.7% yr532.1kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
All journal articles619k+28.1% yr291k2.6MJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Preprints118k+170.6% yr7.1k287kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
AI share of Computer Science41.2%+20.2% yr18.1%42.3%Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
Retraction rate0.043%−75.7% yr0.017%0.65%Jan 2015 — Sep 2026
arXiv-hosted works37.0k+145.2% yr4.4k62.8kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Automation6.6k+36.6% yr23719.5kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
Labour economics4.1k+96.8% yr88910.3kJan 2015 — Sep 2026
"ChatGPT" in title514−18.3% yr02.0kJan 2021 — Sep 2026
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